Dummies guide to Practical Quantum Computing with IBM Qiskit

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Hello and welcome to The Dummies Guide to Practical Quantum Computing with IBM Qiskit, my new course.

Our modern computing technology is built on bits or binary digits 1 and 0, with 1 representing ON and 0 representing OFF. Even though it has two states, a bit can only be in one of them at a time. Like a coin with two faces, head and tail.

However, the notion of quantum computing is fundamentally different. It computes using the quantum mechanical properties of small subatomic particles such as electrons. Instead of 1 and 0, a qubit or quantum bit employs electron spin positions ‘up’ and ‘down’.

However, unlike bits, qubits can exist in both states at the same time. As a coin continues to spin, we may say it has an equal chance of landing on its head or tail. Or it might be both the head and the tail at the same time.

Consider a 1 bit computation to determine the optimum path. 0 represents the right while 1 represents the left. To discover the optimal way, a traditional computer with a single bit must first set bit to 0 to travel to the left path and then bit to 1 to get to the right path. However, a quantum computer with a single qubit may traverse both paths concurrently and arrive at a solution in half the time.

When compared to traditional computers, the speed improves exponentially as the number of qubits grows. Computations such as data analytics and artificial intelligence, which need massive parallel computing power, can now do computations in milliseconds that used to take hours.

Although they will not replace our laptops or mobile phones, quantum computers will be able to overcome the limitations of regular computers in data processing. Google recently revealed the development of a quantum computer that is 100 million times faster than any conventional computer in its lab.

From sessions 1 through 6, we will study key facts regarding quantum physics and quantum bits, which will begin with an introduction to quantum mechanics. We will try to explain the distinction between quantum mechanics and classical physics, the dual nature of particles, the double slit experiment, superposition, quantum entanglement, and other concepts in the simplest way possible.

In the following session, we will compare classical bits to quantum bits known as qubits. A traditional bit is created, represented, and processed. Then we’ll look at how a qubit is created, what’s within it, how data is represented in a qubit, and what makes it quicker than traditional bits.

Then we’ll look at how a qubit is formed and how it keeps its information. We’ll also go over the construction of a quantum computer and how qubits are handled inside it.

Then we’ll go over scalars and vectors. The use of vectors and matrices to express the state of a quantum bit. Concerning the representation of the qubit as Ket vectors and matrices. We will also master the fundamentals of matrix operations.

We may now go on to gates after learning about classical bits and qubits. We will first study about classical gates, how they function, and the many types of classical gates and their truth tables.

In the following session, we will learn about the common quantum frameworks used by top organizations investigating quantum computers, as well as their benefits and drawbacks.

Now that we’ve clarified all of the ideas, we can move on to the practical portion of our course. We will begin by installing the Python environment on our PC. It is made simple by installing the anaconda Python distribution. Following that, we will install and test qiskit, IBM’s quantum framework.

Once we have qiskit installed and the quantum simulator running, we will code our first quantum circuit using the Pauli x gate, a basic quantum gate. Later, we’ll experiment with tailoring the input and output to the Pauli x gate and test the results.

Once we’ve confirmed it in the simulator, it’s time to put it to the test on a real quantum computer. IBM makes available access to a number of quantum computers housed in research centers across the world. We can simply design our Pauli x gate circuit and run it in a genuine quantum computer using the IBM quantum experience interface.

Then we’ll look at how we can use dirac notation to express matrices as state vectors. We’ll look at how Pauli x gate matrices are represented as a state vector.

We’ll do the same with the Pauli Y gate. We will first test the state vector and operations in our qiskit emulator before implementing it on the IBM actual quantum computer.

Another gate like that is the Pauli Z gate. For this one, we will first learn about the operations in our qiskit emulator before implementing them in a real quantum computer.

The Eigen value and Eigen vectors of our previously learned Pauli x, y, and z gates will be covered in the following session.

Following that, we’ll learn about a new gate known as the Hadamard gate or the H gate. This gate can generate superposition from a conventional qubit. We will be given an overview of how the H gate works. The H gate will then be implemented in our qiskit simulator. Using qiskit, we will validate the bloch sphere and histogram representation.

We will also use the H gate to build a few bespoke circuits that will attempt to imitate X gate actions using only the H and Z gates. In the following circuit, we shall

When we measure the qubit, we observe the behavior of collapsing the superposition.

The Hadamard gate will then be tested in an IBM quantum computer.

Following the H gate, we will have a few brief sessions dealing with a few additional gates. The first is known as the R Phi gate. Then we’ll look at two additional gates, the S and T gates. Finally, the U and I gates will be addressed. We shall examine the transition matrix as well as the actions of those gates.

These were gates that performed single-qubit operations. We will now go on to gates that can do multi-qubit operations. Before that, we’ll go through how to express multi-qubits and their states. For expressing the multi-qiskit state vector, we will use the qiskit-notebook package.

To begin, we will attempt to construct a multi-qubit circuit using single qubit gates. To begin, we will attempt combining X and H gates to build the circuit. Later, we’ll experiment with two qubits and a single gate.

Then we’ll go on to a true multi-qubit gate known as the CNOT gate or the Controlled NOT gate. We’ll learn more about the CNOT gate, the truth table, and how it works. We will first test the CNOT gate using classical qubits. It will be implemented in qiskit. Later, we’ll test the CNOT gate with only one superposition qubit, and then with both superposition qubits.

Then we’ll go on to building the CNOT gate in IBM’s Real quantum computer.

We can also use the CNOT gate to build identification circuits. We may simulate operations of other gates that cannot be done in a genuine quantum computer using these equivalence circuits.

To begin, we will construct an identical circuit by wrapping a CNOT gate with H gates so that it behaves similarly to a CNOT gate put in the other way.

Then we’ll attempt another equivalency circuit with a CNOT gate in between Hadamard gates, which will yield Controlled Z gate or CZ gate operations.

In the same manner, we will construct an equivalency circuit for another theoretical gate known as the CY gate or the Controlled Y gate.

Another gate is known as the SWAP gate. It may, as the name implies, exchange the qubit states between one other. For the swap gate, we will also build circuit identity or circuit equivalence.

Similarly, with another gate known as the Tiffoli gate, we will establish circuit identity or circuit equivalence and implement that circuit in qiskit.

That’s it for gates; we’ll now study an essential method known as the Deutsch-Jozsa algorithm, or DJ algorithm, which illustrates quantum parallelism.

The underlying mathematics of this method is quite difficult, and we are only learning it in a very cursory manner. We will first examine the DJ problem that the algorithm is addressing, and then we will learn about the algorithm architecture. Later, we will implement it in qiskit and test the outcomes.

We will next move on to talk about two fascinating technologies.

The first is known as QKD, or Quantum key distribution, and it makes use of the unique features of quantum systems to produce and distribute cryptographic keys. Quantum encryption, on the other hand, employs the same physics principles to transmit essentially unhackable data through a dedicated communications channel.

Then we’ll talk about quantum teleportation, which is a mechanism for transmitting quantum information from a sender in one location to a receiver in another location.

Overall, this will be a good course for beginners who are interested in quantum computing and want to learn more about it. Actual quantum computing is all about difficult, tedious mathematics and formulae, which I have done my best to avoid by simplifying them to make them clear to a beginning.

This course completely adheres to the IBM Qiskit documentation and text book. Almost all of the graphics and examples in this course are taken from the IBM qiskit documentation website, to which you can go for further information at any time.

Quantum computers might aid in the creation of new advances in science, medicine, machine learning, material science, and finance, allowing humanity to become the finest civilisation in the universe. In fact, quantum computers are so powerful that no one understands how to fully use their capabilities, and no quantum algorithm has yet been perfected. The hardware and programming are still in the development stage, but there will be many chances for quantum computing specialists in the future.

That concludes the subjects currently covered in this brief course. This course’s code and Jupyter notebook files have been uploaded and shared in a folder. I’ll give a link to download them in the final session or in the course’s resource area. You may use the code in your projects without restriction.

You will also receive a course completion certificate after finishing this course, which will add value to your portfolio.

So that’s all for now; see you in class shortly. Have fun and enjoy your studying.

Credits and references

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Learn about IBM’s qiskit.

qiskit from IBM – a textbook

qiskit documentation from IBM

cloudflare blog – the-quantum-menace

towardsdatascience -one-qubit-at-a-time-demystifying-quantum-gates-54404ed80640

Quantum logic gate on Wikipedia

qc-quantum-computing-series-10ddd7977abd jonathan-hui

YouTube – Qiskit Coding

Veritasium, a significantly simpler explanation of every complicated quantum idea, is available on YouTube.

Professor Andrea Morello’s studies and papers have greatly influenced me. University of New South Wales, Quantum Engineering

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